Most, if not all folks use a Caliper. Digital or Dial, at the muzzle.
Groove depths can vary anywhere from .001 to .002 difference in a bore because of the cutting dies wearing before they are changed out.
Round Ball Barrels; (NOTE: The TC Hawken Barrel will accept "Ball and Conical" with good results most of the time)
Green Mountain Barrels are grooved anywhere from .010 to .012
TC Barrels have always been very consistent at .005 depth (as they were "button" pulled) Don't know exactly what that means - but that's what TC told me 12 - 15 years ago (maybe 20 years ago?)
Lyman GPR will vary from .008 to .010
My old CVA Barrels (which were made by Douglas) all seem to be right at .008 - but it's possible one never passed through my hands with the die cutters worn to a point of less than .008???
My old .50 Douglas X-Stick Rifle Barrel measures .008 in depth. (Very accurate rifle).